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Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles. ==Types of microbial metabolism== (詳細はautotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide () * heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds * mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide 2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: * lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds * organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds 3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: * chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds * phototrophic – energy is obtained from light In practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: * chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria * photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water () as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide () as reducing equivalent donor), ''Chloroflexus'' (hydrogen () as reducing equivalent donor) * chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (). Examples: some ''Thiobacilus'', some ''Beggiatoa'', some ''Nitrobacter'' spp., ''Wolinella'' (with as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria * chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. ''Escherichia coli'', ''Bacillus'' spp., ''Actinobacteria'' * photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: ''Rhodobacter'', ''Rhodopseudomonas'', ''Rhodospirillum'', ''Rhodomicrobium'', ''Rhodocyclus'', ''Heliobacterium'', ''Chloroflexus'' (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.Knallgas arrives here. Please consider changing the link if you change the name of this section. Thanks. -->==Types of microbial metabolism==(詳細はPrimary nutritional groupsを参照)All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass:* autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide ()* heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds* mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions:* lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds* organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing:* chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds* phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows:* chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria* photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water () as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide () as reducing equivalent donor), ''Chloroflexus'' (hydrogen () as reducing equivalent donor)* chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (). Examples: some ''Thiobacilus'', some ''Beggiatoa'', some ''Nitrobacter'' spp., ''Wolinella'' (with as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria* chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. ''Escherichia coli'', ''Bacillus'' spp., ''Actinobacteria''* photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: ''Rhodobacter'', ''Rhodopseudomonas'', ''Rhodospirillum'', ''Rhodomicrobium'', ''Rhodocyclus'', ''Heliobacterium'', ''Chloroflexus'' (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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